A Ghazal on Gender Bias

Gender Stereotypes are the beliefs concerning the characteristics of women and men. This is a ghazal which if read/understood from a woman's perspective, throws light on various gender stereotypes.


हमे मैदान ए शतरंज का वज़ीर नही समझते।
हमे लोग ज़माने में मुक्तदिर नही समझते।

हमे साथी बहुत अच्छा समझते है लोग,
पर सफर में हमे कभी राहगीर नही समझते।

सदियों से हुक़ूमत है किसी और की जिन रास्तों पर,
लोग हमें उन रास्तों के मुसाफिर नही समझते।

हमारी आँखों मे मोहोब्बत दिखाई देती है सबको,
पर हमें आँख दिखाने में माहिर नही समझते।

मुक्तदिर - dominator

राहगीर - guide


- प्रसन्न

Deja Vu

Ever had this eerie feeling where you thought that the present was already experienced by you? That somehow you had lived in that exact moment before? Well, it certainly appears to look like a minuscule part of the past interfering with the present. But is that really what it is? 

This strange feeling of vague familiarity with completely novel experiences is known as Déjà vu. It is a French term, literally meaning “already seen”. Déjà vu is very commonplace. In fact, it is reported that 60 to 70 percent of people have had experienced Déjà vu at least once (Brown, 2003). Charles Dickens describes this feeling in his novel, David Copperfield. He recounts it as a feeling “that comes over us occasionally, of what we are saying and doing having been said and done before, in a remote time- of our having been surrounded, dim ages ago, by the same faces, objects, and circumstances- of our knowing perfectly what will be said next, as if we suddenly remember it.” It is a complex phenomenon, with no one universally accepted theory behind it. Surprisingly, even though Déjà vu is vastly common, the subject has received very poor scientific attention. And thus, it remains one of those out of the ordinary brain phenomena with no proper explanation. But from research that has been done on this subject, some prominent theories have thrown light on the possible explanations behind this baffling phenomenon. 

SPLIT PERCEPTION THEORY

This theory of Split Perception posits that Déjà vu sets in when we look at a scene subliminally, not giving it enough time to register consciously. But on an unconscious level, information gets registered.

In this case, a person processes the sensory input twice, one after the other.

According to this theory, when we are exposed to a particular scene and then are momentarily distracted by a voice or a sight, we lose our attention on the surrounding. But all the information regarding the scene that we briefly had looked at, gets registered into the brain unconsciously. Thus, when we regain our awareness after the distraction, we feel that we have somehow already experienced that moment, bringing in this strange feeling of familiarity. Here, the first sensory input is very brief and diminished. The second sensory input, however, seems oddly familiar because of the already processed first brief input.

DUAL PROCESSING THEORY

This theory is generally based on the idea of how new information is processed and how the sensory inputs travel to the processing centres of the brain. Essentially, Dual Processing theory suggests that human beings experience Déjà vu when two cognitive processes are out of sync. In 1963, Robert Efron tested his proffered idea that a delayed neurological response causes Déjà vu. This study was carried out at Veterans Administration Hospital in Boston. Today, this theory is one of the most widely accepted explanations behind Déjà Vu.

Efron found that the sorting of the incoming signals takes place in the temporal lobe of the brain's left hemisphere. He proposed that signals entered the temporal lobe twice, once directly in the left hemisphere and once travelling through the right hemisphere, thus causing a delay between the signals.

So, if the two signals were occasionally not synchronised accurately, then they would be registered as two different experiences, with the second seeming to be a re-living of the first. (Robert Efron, 1963)

One of the main reasons why the cause behind this phenomenon is still blurry is its inconsistent nature. Also, the difficult process of inducing the experience in a controlled environment for research studies accounts for the poor attention that this subject has received.

Vast number of theories have been put forth, many are supported by various studies and a few have the potential to uncloak this ambiguous phenomenon provided they are further more strongly supported by new research studies. In today’s world, where it is firmly believed that nothing is impossible and with all the significant development in science, we can surely hope that this baffling phenomenon will no longer be a mystery.

- Disha Pushilkar, SYBA

On the Other Side of the Rainbow

Mental Health Issues in the LGBT Community

Discrimination against LGBT people is commonplace. But, in the past two decades there has been a considerable rise of public and scientific awareness of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) lives and issues. The emergence of the “gay rights” movement in the 1970s and the emergence of HIV/AIDS in the 1980s influenced this awareness. The meaning of LGBT and the experiences of LGBT people varies with other salient personal, ethnic, cultural, and social identities.

Before the 1970s, the American Psychiatric Association’s (APA’s) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) listed homosexuality as a “sociopathic personality disturbance”. Pioneering studies on the prevalence of homosexuality and psychological comparisons between heterosexual and gay men fostered a change in attitudes of the psychological community and motivated the APA to remove homosexuality as a mental disorder in 1973 . Earlier, it was believed that homosexuality was intrinsically linked with poor mental health. Now, an effort is made to understand the social determinants of LGBT mental health.

The sexual minorities experience chronic stressors related to their stigmatized identities, including victimization, prejudice, and discrimination. These experiences, besides everyday or universal stressors, compromise the mental health and well-being of LGBT people. This community is 10 times more likely to experience discrimination based on sexual orientation as compared to heterosexual people. Mistreatment comes in many forms, from seemingly benign jokes, to verbal insults, unequal treatment and in the most extreme cases, physical violence. For many of them, the bias is everywhere and lasts for a lifetime.

Adolescence is a critical period for mental health as many mental disorders show onset during and following this developmental period. Data illustrates overwhelming evidence that LGBT persons are at greater risk for poor mental health across developmental stages. Studies indicate elevated rates of depression and mood disorders, anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) , alcohol use and abuse, and suicide ideation and attempts, as well as psychiatric co-morbidity. Studies of adolescents trace the origins of these adult sexual orientation mental health disparities to the adolescent years: Multiple studies demonstrate that disproportionate rates of distress, symptoms, and behaviors related to these disorders are present among LGBT youth prior to adulthood. The sexual minority youth are almost three times as likely to report suicidality; also there is a moderate difference in depressive symptoms compared to heterosexual youth.

The lack of support from many institutions that guide the lives of LGBT youth (e.g., their schools, families, faith communities) limits their rights and protections and leaves them more vulnerable to experiences that may compromise their mental health. Positive parental and familial relationships are crucial for youth well-being. But, many LGBT youth fear coming out and may experience rejection from parents because of these identities. Those who do experience family rejection are at greater risk for depressive symptoms, anxiety, and suicide attempts .

Clear and consistent evidence indicates that global mental health problems are elevated among LGBT youth. Among them, there are consistent indications that bisexual youth are among those at higher risk for mental health problems. The shortage of research on gender and racial/ethnic differences in mental health status among LGBT youth, indicates the need for more research. There is a need to understand diversity in the experiences of LGBT youth better and their potentials for risk in regard to mental health and well-being.

On the bright side, In a historic verdict, the Supreme Court of India on 6 September 2018 decriminalised the Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code and allowed gay sex among consenting adults in private . The SC ruled that consensual adult gay sex is not a crime saying sexual orientation is natural and people have no control over it. This is one step in the right direction but we still have a long way to go.

The prejudice held against the LGBT community is one of the major reasons for their poor mental health. All they need from us is our support- to live a peaceful life. The maltreatment against the community has to stop. We pride ourselves in being "progressive" but the reality reflects something else. It's about time we open up our minds and think about this community. They deserve to live without having to worry about their safety. Extend your support to the LGBT community, that's the least we could do. Be kind to one another. As rightly said by Daniel Radcliffe, "You don't have to be gay to be a supporter. You just have to be human."


Sources:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4887282

- Anushka Prabhu, TYBA Psychology

Memes: Sweetening the Bitter Pill

I have been extremely lucky when it comes to the company I’ve had over the years. Any new stage of life I get to, I always initially make friends with people who are wildly incompatible with me. Its objectively hilarious how scared I used to be about approaching the people who actually stand out to me in a room, and stand out for the right reasons. Eventually though, I can say I’ve ended up with the right people. We all have different sets of friends, and we talk about different kinds of things with all of them. With some, we’re just constantly making jokes about each other, with others we talk about really deep and meaningful stuff, while with others it’s a little bit of everything.

I was with the “little bit of everything” group not too long back. One of my friends in that group, said something profound and stirring. He said that the (written or spoken) art isn’t just about love and heartbreak and pain, and I think he’s right. What is the written art supposed to be like, after all? If art is meant to be a reflection, a representation of life, it must depict more than what mainstream art reflects. But then again, being mainstream in itself has a host of dynamics associated with it, which are too complex to get into in a short post such as this.

However, I do want to talk about something more than just love and heartbreak and pain. I want to talk about the human condition. We’re flooded with write-ups and articles and movies and poetry and songs about how we’re all flawed, how everyone has their fears, anxieties, secrets, desires, insecurities and emotional drives, and a lot more about human shortcomings. Much of the art of this kind is truly beautiful, refreshing, and most importantly, human. Some of it isn’t.

I look at social media sometimes and feel a complete lack of stigma around mental health. You know why I’m not happy about that? Because we’ve replaced the stigma with a romanticisation of mental illness. Its embodied by all the memes we share, all the videos we like and all the lines we throw around in casual conversation, sometimes followed by, “We shouldn’t joke about that.”

Mental illness is not cool, it’s not edgy, and mental illness and the pain caused by it is certainly not an “aesthetic”. We feel that by breaking the stigma and talking about it we’re actually creating more awareness, but to do that one first needs to learn the fact from fiction, or as is many times the case, the fact from misinformed/under-informed opinion. There’s a reason why textbooks aren’t written in meme format. What’s factual, is usually also boring.

It began with people attempting to include those suffering from mental health issues into mainstream social media, by creating content that they relate to, and inducing humour from it. Today, that has translated into a culture of us sharing stuff that to a mental health professional would be a red flag, and feeling that just because we’re all sharing it, its okay. However, when you trivialize suffering through humour, no matter how much of a well-intention there might be, you’re not addressing the problem. Humour is still a form of distraction. In Hannah Gadsby’s words, humour is the honey that sweetens the bitter pill, but you still have to take the bitter pill.

I’m not against Tumblr – greatly responsible for creating and promoting meme communities. While I don’t oppose memes or any platform or individual using them – I use memes almost every single day – I do oppose certain ways of using memes. I know better now.

According to that friend of mine, as someone who can create what loosely resembles art, and as someone with the means of sharing it with other people, I have the responsibility to create art that is meaningful, relevant, and truthful. If I didn’t exercise that responsibility, I would just be existing, and not adding anything meaningful.

This is me attempting to add something meaningful.

- Jai Vyas

Dimension 5 - Taking Notes

Taking notes during lectures is an integral part of the learning process. We seem to implicitly know that note-taking is beneficial to us therefore most students are all too familiar with writing down paragraphs at lightning speed in class as the professor speaks. But, there is more to the process of taking notes than meets the eye.

What is note taking?

Essentially, note-taking is the process of recording key bits of information in a systematic manner to free the mind from the burden of recalling everything.

It is a complex task which involves :

1. Active listening,
2. Identification of key concepts,
3. Relating new information with previously learnt material,
4. Seeking answers to questions which arise from the new material, and
5. Reviewing

Phases of Taking Notes

Effective note taking has 3 phases; before class, during class, and after class.

Before Class:

• It's a good idea to go through material covered in the previous lecture.
• Not only does it help follow along the lecture better, but it also serves as revision.

During Class:

• Using different colored pens for highlighting specific points, or definitions, makes it stand out, and makes note-taking more fun.
• Avoid taking notes verbatim. Instead try and use abbreviations, symbols and codes to increase your speed of writing.
• Draw diagrams or flowcharts, as it gives greater clarity in understanding concepts and ideas.

After Class:

• Reading what you've written while it's fresh in your mind also serves as another revision.
• You can also go through your textbook, and highlight the interesting and important points.

Note Taking Strategies

The 5Rs (Record, Reduce, Recite, Reflect, and Review) are critical to the Cornell Note Taking System developed by Walter Pauk.

The system works like this -

• You have to divide the paper into two columns: the note-taking column and the questions/keyword column. Leave a few lines at the bottom of the page.
• Lecture notes should be written in the note-taking column, and long ideas should be paraphrased.
• Avoid long sentences - use symbols, abbreviations, diagrams or flow charts.
• Write relevant questions and key-words in the key-words column.

• Within a day, revise; write questions and a brief summary at the bottom of the page.
• That gives a concise, but detailed and relevant record of previous classes.
• When reviewing, you can cover the note-taking column while trying to answer the questions/key-words from the key-word column. (Source: http://lsc.cornell.edu/notes.html , https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornell_Notes )

The Split Page Method is similar to the Cornell Method however it is still a principle unto itself.

This method is best used in study situations where the notes taken during a lecture are combined with the information from the textbook.

To use this technique, simply fold a piece of paper in half. While attending the lecture, keep your notes to the left. Integrate the coordinating information from your textbook on the right.

Highlight any information or ideas for questions you might need to ask your professor. (Source: https://www.transcribe.com/article/note-taking-techniques/)

Mind Mapping is an extremely effective method of taking notes.

Mind Maps show not only facts, but also the overall structure of a subject, and the relative importance of individual parts of it.

They help associate ideas, think creatively, and make connections that you might not otherwise make.

Mind Maps are useful for summarizing information, for consolidating large chunks of information, for making connections, and for creative problem solving.

To use Mind Maps effectively, make sure you print your words, use different colors to add visual impact, and incorporate symbols and images to further spur creative thinking. (Source: https://www.mindtools.com/pages/article/newISS_01.htm)

Click here to learn how to make mind maps.

Benefits of Note-Taking

The correlation between taking notes and effective learning has been supported by several research studies.

• Taking notes during the lecture ensures attentiveness. It keeps your body engaged, preventing distraction and drowsiness.
• A set of concise notes from each class help to connect classroom learning to textbook reading.
• A study conducted in the Philippines revealed that taking notes is more beneficial to those who have a visual style of learning. Visual learners are people who prefer learning new material through graphs, diagrams and charts. (Source: http://research.uic.edu.ph/ojs/index.php/uicpj/article/view/477)
• Reviewing notes prior to exams aids the recall of factual material. It also facilitates the synthesis and application of new knowledge. (Source: http://www.math.lsa.umich.edu/~krasny/math156_crlt.pdf)

Experiment taking notes through the various methods and decide which one works best for you. You could stick to just one method or combine several methods. 

To learn more about effective study skills, stay tuned!

Dimension 4 - Motivation

During exams we often find ourselves and others saying “I don’t feel like studying!” Instead of studying for an exam that is 2 weeks away, we end up texting our friends, watching YouTube videos or playing games on our phone. After procrastinating for an hour, when we finally decide to start studying and open our books, the thought pops up again… “I don’t feel like studying!”

Sometimes, you do want to study hard, but you don’t feel motivated enough. Lack of motivation is one reason why most of us don’t feel like studying.

What is motivation?

It is the reason for people’s actions, desires & needs, and it causes a person to want to repeat a behavior. When you study for an hour, then don’t open your books for the next two days thinking that you studied enough “that day”, you are not motivated enough.

Here are some tips that might help you get motivated to study:

Set goals for yourself.  Goals help you to stay focused. Write down your goals & how you intend to achieve them. Make a timetable and follow it regularly. If possible, stick notes around the house for yourself that will help you get motivated.

Reward yourself. It is a good idea to reward yourself once the goal is achieved. The reward could be ‘patting your own back’ or ‘listening to a favorite piece of music’. You could decide small rewards for completing tasks – “If I complete 1 chapter today, I get to watch TV for half an hour” By rewarding yourself whenever a goal is achieved, your brain elicits positive emotions, leading to a realization that efforts result in positive rewards. You start linking challenges as another chance to get a reward. This helps to maintain motivation.

Believe in yourself. This is the most important thing before starting anything. You need to push yourself to study, because no one else is going to do it for you. Believing in yourself can help you accomplish anything. If you have an attitude of “I can’t study”, you won’t feel like studying & you will end up getting fewer marks, which will strengthen your belief that “you can’t”. So, it is always a good idea to have positive attitude.

Sometimes, group studies also boost motivation. It also breaks the monotony and boredom.

Another reason we don’t feel motivated is because we prolong our studies. We start studying one or two weeks before the exam. This causes stress, which reduces our efficiency. Instead, we should take one step at a time. Go through your notes regularly, so you have an understanding of the concepts and don’t have to struggle at the last moment.

One of the best ways to get motivated is to visualize how you will feel when your goals have been achieved… bring in front of your mind’s eye that you are proudly telling your parents about your grades, experience the sense of achievement within yourself. Of course do not day dream, work towards achieving what you want.

Meditation is another factor that helps. When you work on your breathing techniques, it helps calm your mind. Thus, you’re less distracted, less stressed and more motivated. It also helps to improve concentration.

Lastly, stay hydrated, exercise regularly & eat well!

Happy Studying!

More dimensions to follow!

Dimension 3 - Time Management

Steve Jobs frequently wore a black T- shirt and jeans. Do you know why? He did that so he didn't have to waste his time thinking about what to wear! This was one small step he used to make more effective use of his time.

Now, not all of us want to dress the same for the rest of our lives to save time so, here are some other techniques which you can use to manage time. But, before we get to the techniques let's understand how time management makes life easier.

How does time management help?

• It can directly reduce your stress level. 
• Puts less pressure of bumping up against important deadlines. 
• It helps to prioritise work. 
• Allows you to take control of your life and helps to set attainable goals.
• Helps to accomplish more and to take better decisions.

We live in a world where we are constantly hard pressed for time and leading a productive life requires us to have good time management skills. Time management is especially important for students. Students who learn how to effectively divide their time between numerous activities have a better chance of academic success. ‎

Some of the techniques recommended to manage time are : 

1. Work backwards – Check the deadline date. Find out how many days are available for submission/studies. Accordingly decide how many hours you have to work per day.
2. Prepare a schedule – Prepare a time table. Write it down. Decide which subject/unit you will study at a particular time. Study difficult topics when the mind is receptive.
3. To do list - Start your day by making a ‘to do list’.  Tick as the work gets done. At the end of the day, review.
4. Prioritise tasks – Check what is important. Number the tasks to be done serially. Similar work can be grouped.
5. Relax – Do not over burden. Set aside some time each day to pursue a hobby, listen to music, read a book and so on.
6. Do not postpone – Start working on your assignments as soon as you get them. Look at the requirement of the work. Some work needs to be done continuously; some can be divided into small parts. Plan accordingly.
7. Be organized – Decide specific places to keep your things. Lot of time gets wasted in searching for things. Keep lists of things handy.
8. Keep the Cell phone away - Put all electronic devices like mobiles and I pods away while studying. 
9. Identify time wasters – Sit quietly, introspect, find out what are the major time wasters. Actually time some tasks, you may be spending much more time then you think on it.
10. Be punctual. 

These are some of the tips that can help you manage your time well. There are many other ways that can help you manage your time. Identify them and use them.

Time management reduces procrastination and helps to achieve goals. Practicing good time management helps in better performance as a person develops a sense of control over ones activities.

So now, set your time, use a planner and start your journey towards success.

More dimensions to follow! Stick around.

Dimension 2 - Memory

We have all been exam procrastinators. The hatred for the days before the exams, the borrowing of notes, studying the “important questions” We hated days before exams. Notes borrowing, studying only the important questions as shortcut, discussing and understanding concepts, burning the midnight oil or rather now-a-days, the tube light and praying we pass. How much of what we’ve crammed are we going to remember? Why don’t we learn through the year? Why is learning throughout the year is emphasized so much? What is its logic? Let’s shed light on some uncommon concepts…..

First let’s see how memory is formed in first place. There are three stages of memory formation: Encoding, Storage and Retrieval.

1. Encoding is set of mental operations or simply said efforts made by us to make information usable for brain’s storage system. For example-to remember someone’s name, you associate the name to their face.
2. Storage: Holding onto information for a long period of time. Depending on stage of memory, the period of time can be range from 20 seconds to relatively permanent.
3. Retrieval: Getting information that is stored into a form that can be used. On of the biggest problems of students is not being able to get information out on time, for example, you are trying hard to remember a keyword of an answer but you fail to. After you return from the exam your friend says the word and you feel deep regret that you could not remember it on time.

Memory is of various types, each useful for a particular everyday necessary skill. The following table will give you an idea about these types,

Procedural [Non Declarative] Long Term Memory	Memory for Skills, procedures, habits and Conditioned Responses. E.g. Riding a bicycle.
Declarative Memory	Conscious and Accessible information, such as general facts, names, etc. Semantic and Episodic memory are its further categories.
Semantic Memory	General knowledge and knowledge gained through formal education.
Episodic Memory	Personal information not readily available to others such as daily events and activities.

Now, we reach to a very useful topic: Methods to better memory so that we can write examinations well and score marks.

Use SQ3R formula.  

• Survey – Survery the topic of study.  Go through the major headings, subheadings, get a feel of what topic is about.
• Questions – Think about the possible questions that can be asked on the topic. If you have a question bank, go through it too.
• Read – Read actively, create links between the information and what you already know, where ever possible, take notes, understand what you are reading
• Retrieve – Make an attempt to remember what was read. Test yourself repeatedly
• Review – Take a quick review of all that was learnt in that session.

Some other very useful tips for studying and remembering

1. Minimize distraction – Try to study in a place where distraction is minimum. One major source of distraction is cell phone, so keep it away while studying. It is a good idea is to disable the distracting apps particularly social networking ones, temporarily.
2. Take short breaks - Take short breaks during studying. Do not schedule back to back study times.
3. Sleep well and eat well - One of the worst reasons for bad memory is sleep loss. Make sure you get enough sleep from 5 to 8 hours. Do not use electronic gadgets before sleep, do not go hungry before sleep. Good nutrition helps the brain to remember better so opt for a healthy diet and avoid junk.
4. Summarize – specially, long, cumbersome answers. Attempt to summarize each paragraph in a single sentence.
5. Overlearn – Overlearning improves retention. It also gives a sense of mastery.
6. Motivate yourself - you can use wallpapers of quotes such as “Keep calm and Study Hard”. Putting up charts of important formulae and concepts is helpful as well.

We suggest using apps like Study Tips by Life Hack Studios to aid the study process.  It is a free app which gives amazing tips and tricks to perform well in exams. Use the app and implement the tips. Find out for you what helps you to study well, concentrate and focus.

Study regularly, Practice writing, Keep your mind calm.

Happy Studying!

More dimensions to follow!